WHY ARE THESE FORMED?

Piles result from increased pressure in the lower rectum. The blood vessels around the anus and the rectum will stretch under pressure and may swell or bulge, forming piles. This may be due to:-

• • Chronic constipation.
• • Portal hypertension
• • Maligancy
• • Poor lifestyle
• • Irregular Bowl habits
• • Junk food
• • Alchohlism
• • Prolanged Standing,Sitting

How to Prevent?

• • Eat high-fiber foods. Eat more fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
• • Drink plenty of fluids.
• • Consider fiber supplements.
• • Don't strain.
• • Go as soon as you feel the urge.
• • Exercise.
• • Avoid long periods of sitting and standing

What is fistula?

It is a chronic abnormal communication, usually lined to some degree by granulation tissue, which runs outwards from the anal lumen (the internal opening) to an external opening on the skin of the perineum or buttock.

Incidence of fistula in ano resulting from anal abscess is 26-38 %

Prevalence 8.6 cases / 1,00,000 population

Prevalnce in men 12.3 / 1,00,000

Prevalance in woman 5.6 cases / 1,00,000

ANATOMY

WHY ARE THESE FORMED

• • Chronic constipation
• • Crohn's disease (an inflammatory disease of the intestine)
• • Radiation (treatment for cancer)
• • Trauma
• • Sexually transmitted diseases
• • Tuberculosis
• • Poor anal hygiene

HOW TO PREVENT

• • Consuming a fibre-rich diet.
• • Maintain dryness in the anal region.
• • Avoid straining while passing stool.
• • Good lifestyle.

What is fissure?

An anal fissure is a small tear in the thin , moist tissue (mucosa) that lines the anus. An anal fissure may occur when you pass hard or large stools during a bowel movement. Anal fissures typically causes pain and bleeding with bowel movements.

- incidence - 10 % of the patients attending proctology clinic

- 1.1 case/ 1000 population/ year

Anatomy of Fissure

WHY ARE THESE FORMED?

• • Constipation that makes you strain to pass hard stool
• • A low-fiber diet
• • A lot of diarrhea
• • Recent weight loss surgery, if it leads to frequent diarrhea
• • Vaginal childbirth
• • Minor injury, such as from mountain biking
• • Any inflammatory condition of the anal area
• • Inflammatory bowel disease
• • Infection or HIV
• • Post radiation

HOW TO PREVENT?

• • Practice healthy bowel habits.
• • When using the bathroom, give yourself enough time to pass bowel movements comfortably.
• • Don't strain while passing stools.
• • Keep the anal area dry.
• • Gently clean yourself after each bowel movement.
• • Use soft, dye-free, and scent-free toilet paper or wipes.
• • Get treatment for ongoing diarrhea.

WHAT IS VARICOSE VEINS ?

- Varicose veins are generally benign, abnormally enlarged superficial veins

- usually they are found in legs but can be anywhere

- in one study in india in railroad workers the prevalance of varicose vein was 25 % in southern india 6.8 % in north india

- Overall Incidence in India - 5 %

SYMPTOM

For many people, there are no symptoms and varicose veins are simply a cosmetic concern.

In Some Cases:- Pain in leg(s)

- Discomfort in leg(s)

- Discoloration of lower limb

- Ulcer in advanced cases.

VARICOSE VEINS

WHY ARE THESE FORMED

- Pressure inside the veinses from standing for long periods.

- Excess weight.

- The aging process.

- Deep venous thrombosis

- Hormones.

HOW TO PREVENT

- Exercise regularly. Your leg muscles are your biggest allies.

- Lose weight if you're overweight.

- Avoid standing or sitting for a long time.

- Don't wear tight-fitting clothes.

- Be sure to put your feet up.

- Wear supporting compression stockings.

Dibetic foot

Diabetic foot ulcers are among the most common complications of patients who have diabetes mellitus which is not well controlled. It is usually the result of poor glycemic control, underlying neuropathy, peripheral vascular disease, or poor foot care.

Pilonidal sinus

WHY ARE THESE FORMED

A job involving a lot of sitting (a sedentary occupation).

Being overweight or obese.

A previous persistent irritation or injury to the affected area.

Having a hairy, deep natal cleft.

HOW TO PREVENT

Regularly washing and drying your buttocks (to keep the area clean).

Losing weight (if you are currently overweight) to lower your risk.

Avoiding sitting for too long (if your job allows) to keep pressure off the area.

Shaving the hair around your buttocks (once a week or more).

CIRCUMCISION

Circumcision is a procedure that removes the foreskin from the human penis. In the most common form of the operation, the foreskin is extended with forceps, then a circumcision device may be placed, after which the foreskin is excised